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17 | <!--*********************************************************************--> |
18 | <h1>Hacking on Clang</h1> |
19 | <!--*********************************************************************--> |
20 | |
21 | <p>This document provides some hints for how to get started hacking |
22 | on Clang for developers who are new to the Clang and/or LLVM |
23 | codebases.</p> |
24 | <ul> |
25 | <li><a href="#style">Coding Standards</a></li> |
26 | <li><a href="#docs">Developer Documentation</a></li> |
27 | <li><a href="#debugging">Debugging</a></li> |
28 | <li><a href="#testing">Testing</a> |
29 | <ul> |
30 | <li><a href="#testingNonWindows">Testing on Unix-like Systems</a></li> |
31 | <li><a href="#testingWindows">Testing using Visual Studio on Windows</a></li> |
32 | <li><a href="#testingCommands">Testing on the Command Line</a></li> |
33 | </ul> |
34 | </li> |
35 | <li><a href="#patches">Creating Patch Files</a></li> |
36 | <li><a href="#irgen">LLVM IR Generation</a></li> |
37 | </ul> |
38 | |
39 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
40 | <h2 id="style">Coding Standards</h2> |
41 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
42 | |
43 | <p>Clang follows the |
44 | LLVM <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/CodingStandards.html">Coding |
45 | Standards</a>. When submitting patches, please take care to follow these standards |
46 | and to match the style of the code to that present in Clang (for example, in |
47 | terms of indentation, bracing, and statement spacing).</p> |
48 | |
49 | <p>Clang has a few additional coding standards:</p> |
50 | <ul> |
51 | <li><i>cstdio is forbidden</i>: library code should not output diagnostics |
52 | or other information using <tt>cstdio</tt>; debugging routines should |
53 | use <tt>llvm::errs()</tt>. Other uses of <tt>cstdio</tt> impose behavior |
54 | upon clients and block integrating Clang as a library. Libraries should |
55 | support <tt>raw_ostream</tt> based interfaces for textual |
56 | output. See <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/CodingStandards.html#ll_raw_ostream">Coding |
57 | Standards</a>.</li> |
58 | </ul> |
59 | |
60 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
61 | <h2 id="docs">Developer Documentation</h2> |
62 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
63 | |
64 | <p>Both Clang and LLVM use doxygen to provide API documentation. Their |
65 | respective web pages (generated nightly) are here:</p> |
66 | <ul> |
67 | <li><a href="http://clang.llvm.org/doxygen">Clang</a></li> |
68 | <li><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen">LLVM</a></li> |
69 | </ul> |
70 | |
71 | <p>For work on the LLVM IR generation, the LLVM assembly language |
72 | <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html">reference manual</a> is |
73 | also useful.</p> |
74 | |
75 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
76 | <h2 id="debugging">Debugging</h2> |
77 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
78 | |
79 | <p>Inspecting data structures in a debugger:</p> |
80 | <ul> |
81 | <li>Many LLVM and Clang data structures provide |
82 | a <tt>dump()</tt> method which will print a description of the |
83 | data structure to <tt>stderr</tt>.</li> |
84 | <li>The <a href="docs/InternalsManual.html#QualType"><tt>QualType</tt></a> |
85 | structure is used pervasively. This is a simple value class for |
86 | wrapping types with qualifiers; you can use |
87 | the <tt>isConstQualified()</tt>, for example, to get one of the |
88 | qualifiers, and the <tt>getTypePtr()</tt> method to get the |
89 | wrapped <tt>Type*</tt> which you can then dump.</li> |
90 | <li>For <a href="http://lldb.llvm.org"> <tt>LLDB</tt></a> users there are |
91 | data formatters for clang data structures in |
92 | <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/master/clang/utils/ClangDataFormat.py"> |
93 | <tt>clang/utils/ClangDataFormat.py</tt></a>.</li> |
94 | </ul> |
95 | |
96 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
97 | <h3 id="debuggingVisualStudio">Debugging using Visual Studio</h3> |
98 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
99 | |
100 | <p>The files |
101 | <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/master/llvm/utils/LLVMVisualizers/llvm.natvis"> |
102 | <tt>llvm/utils/LLVMVisualizers/llvm.natvis</tt></a> and |
103 | <a href="https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/master/clang/utils/ClangVisualizers/clang.natvis"> |
104 | <tt>clang/utils/ClangVisualizers/clang.natvis</tt></a> provide debugger visualizers |
105 | that make debugging of more complex data types much easier.</p> |
106 | <p>For Visual Studio 2013 only, put the files into |
107 | <tt>%USERPROFILE%\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Visualizers</tt> or |
108 | create a symbolic link so they update automatically.</p> |
109 | <p>For later versions of Visual Studio, no installation is required. |
110 | Note also that later versions of Visual Studio also display better visualizations.</p> |
111 | |
112 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
113 | <h2 id="testing">Testing</h2> |
114 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
115 | |
116 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
117 | <h3 id="testingNonWindows">Testing on Unix-like Systems</h3> |
118 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
119 | |
120 | <p>Clang includes a basic regression suite in the tree which can be |
121 | run with <tt>make test</tt> from the top-level clang directory, or |
122 | just <tt>make</tt> in the <em>test</em> sub-directory. |
123 | <tt>make VERBOSE=1</tt> can be used to show more detail |
124 | about what is being run.</p> |
125 | |
126 | <p>If you built LLVM and Clang using CMake, the test suite can be run |
127 | with <tt>make clang-test</tt> from the top-level LLVM directory.</p> |
128 | |
129 | <p>The tests primarily consist of a test runner script running the compiler |
130 | under test on individual test files grouped in the directories under the |
131 | test directory. The individual test files include comments at the |
132 | beginning indicating the Clang compile options to use, to be read |
133 | by the test runner. Embedded comments also can do things like telling |
134 | the test runner that an error is expected at the current line. |
135 | Any output files produced by the test will be placed under |
136 | a created Output directory.</p> |
137 | |
138 | <p>During the run of <tt>make test</tt>, the terminal output will |
139 | display a line similar to the following:</p> |
140 | |
141 | <pre>--- Running clang tests for i686-pc-linux-gnu ---</pre> |
142 | |
143 | <p>followed by a line continually overwritten with the current test |
144 | file being compiled, and an overall completion percentage.</p> |
145 | |
146 | <p>After the <tt>make test</tt> run completes, the absence of any |
147 | <tt>Failing Tests (count):</tt> message indicates that no tests |
148 | failed unexpectedly. If any tests did fail, the |
149 | <tt>Failing Tests (count):</tt> message will be followed by a list |
150 | of the test source file paths that failed. For example:</p> |
151 | |
152 | <pre> |
153 | Failing Tests (3): |
154 | /home/john/llvm/tools/clang/test/SemaCXX/member-name-lookup.cpp |
155 | /home/john/llvm/tools/clang/test/SemaCXX/namespace-alias.cpp |
156 | /home/john/llvm/tools/clang/test/SemaCXX/using-directive.cpp |
157 | </pre> |
158 | |
159 | <p>If you used the <tt>make VERBOSE=1</tt> option, the terminal |
160 | output will reflect the error messages from the compiler and |
161 | test runner.</p> |
162 | |
163 | <p>The regression suite can also be run with Valgrind by running |
164 | <tt>make test VG=1</tt> in the top-level clang directory.</p> |
165 | |
166 | <p>For more intensive changes, running |
167 | the <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/TestingGuide.html#testsuiterun">LLVM |
168 | Test Suite</a> with clang is recommended. Currently the best way to |
169 | override LLVMGCC, as in: <tt>make LLVMGCC="clang -std=gnu89" |
170 | TEST=nightly report</tt> (make sure <tt>clang</tt> is in your PATH or use the |
171 | full path).</p> |
172 | |
173 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
174 | <h3 id="testingWindows">Testing using Visual Studio on Windows</h3> |
175 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
176 | |
177 | <p>The Clang test suite can be run from either Visual Studio or |
178 | the command line.</p> |
179 | |
180 | <p>Note that the test runner is based on |
181 | Python, which must be installed. Find Python at: |
182 | <a href="http://www.python.org/download/">http://www.python.org/download/</a>. |
183 | Download the latest stable version.</p> |
184 | |
185 | <p>The GnuWin32 tools are also necessary for running the tests. |
186 | Get them from <a href="http://getgnuwin32.sourceforge.net/"> |
187 | http://getgnuwin32.sourceforge.net/</a>. |
188 | If the environment variable <tt>%PATH%</tt> does not have GnuWin32, |
189 | or if other grep(s) supercedes GnuWin32 on <tt>%PATH%,</tt> |
190 | you should specify <tt>LLVM_LIT_TOOLS_DIR</tt> |
191 | to CMake explicitly.</p> |
192 | |
193 | <p>The cmake build tool is set up to create Visual Studio project files |
194 | for running the tests, "clang-test" being the root. Therefore, to |
195 | run the test from Visual Studio, right-click the clang-test project |
196 | and select "Build".</p> |
197 | |
198 | <p> |
199 | Please see also |
200 | <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/GettingStartedVS.html">Getting Started |
201 | with the LLVM System using Microsoft Visual Studio</a> and |
202 | <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/CMake.html">Building LLVM with CMake</a>. |
203 | </p> |
204 | |
205 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
206 | <h3 id="testingCommands">Testing on the Command Line</h3> |
207 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
208 | |
209 | <p>If you want more control over how the tests are run, it may |
210 | be convenient to run the test harness on the command-line directly. Before |
211 | running tests from the command line, you will need to ensure that |
212 | <tt>lit.site.cfg</tt> files have been created for your build. You can do |
213 | this by running the tests as described in the previous sections. Once the |
214 | tests have started running, you can stop them with control+C, as the |
215 | files are generated before running any tests.</p> |
216 | |
217 | <p>Once that is done, to run all the tests from the command line, |
218 | execute a command like the following:</p> |
219 | |
220 | <pre> |
221 | python (path to llvm)\llvm\utils\lit\lit.py -sv |
222 | --param=build_mode=Win32 --param=build_config=Debug |
223 | --param=clang_site_config=(build dir)\tools\clang\test\lit.site.cfg |
224 | (path to llvm)\llvm\tools\clang\test |
225 | </pre> |
226 | |
227 | <p>For CMake builds e.g. on Windows with Visual Studio, you will need |
228 | to specify your build configuration (Debug, Release, etc.) via |
229 | <tt>--param=build_config=(build config)</tt>. You may also need to specify |
230 | the build mode (Win32, etc) via <tt>--param=build_mode=(build mode)</tt>.</p> |
231 | |
232 | <p>Additionally, you will need to specify the lit site configuration which |
233 | lives in (build dir)\tools\clang\test, via |
234 | <tt>--param=clang_site_config=(build dir)\tools\clang\test\lit.site.cfg</tt>. |
235 | </p> |
236 | |
237 | <p>To run a single test:</p> |
238 | |
239 | <pre> |
240 | python (path to llvm)\llvm\utils\lit\lit.py -sv |
241 | --param=build_mode=Win32 --param=build_config=Debug |
242 | --param=clang_site_config=(build dir)\tools\clang\test\lit.site.cfg |
243 | (path to llvm)\llvm\tools\clang\test\(dir)\(test) |
244 | </pre> |
245 | |
246 | <p>For example:</p> |
247 | |
248 | <pre> |
249 | python C:\Tools\llvm\utils\lit\lit.py -sv |
250 | --param=build_mode=Win32 --param=build_config=Debug |
251 | --param=clang_site_config=C:\Tools\build\tools\clang\test\lit.site.cfg |
252 | C:\Tools\llvm\tools\clang\test\Sema\wchar.c |
253 | </pre> |
254 | |
255 | <p>The -sv option above tells the runner to show the test output if |
256 | any tests failed, to help you determine the cause of failure.</p> |
257 | |
258 | <p>You can also pass in the --no-progress-bar option if you wish to disable |
259 | progress indications while the tests are running.</p> |
260 | |
261 | <p>Your output might look something like this:</p> |
262 | |
263 | <pre>lit.py: lit.cfg:152: note: using clang: 'C:\Tools\llvm\bin\Release\clang.EXE' |
264 | -- Testing: Testing: 2534 tests, 4 threads -- |
265 | Testing: 0 .. 10.. 20.. 30.. 40.. 50.. 60.. 70.. 80.. 90.. |
266 | Testing Time: 81.52s |
267 | Expected Passes : 2503 |
268 | Expected Failures : 28 |
269 | Unsupported Tests : 3 |
270 | </pre> |
271 | |
272 | <p>The statistic, "Unexpected Failures" (not shown if all tests pass), is the important one.</p> |
273 | |
274 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
275 | <h2 id="patches">Creating Patch Files</h2> |
276 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
277 | |
278 | <p>To return changes to the Clang team, unless you have checkin |
279 | privileges, the preferred way is to send patch files |
280 | <a href="https://llvm.org/docs/Contributing.html#how-to-submit-a-patch">using LLVM's Phabricator</a> with an explanation of what the patch is for. Clang follows <a |
281 | href="http://llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html">LLVM's developer policy</a>. |
282 | If your patch requires a wider discussion (for example, because it is an |
283 | architectural change), you can use the cfe-dev mailing list.</p> |
284 | |
285 | <p>To create these patch files, change directory |
286 | to the llvm/tools/clang root and run:</p> |
287 | |
288 | <pre>svn diff (relative path) >(patch file name)</pre> |
289 | |
290 | <p>For example, for getting the diffs of all of clang:</p> |
291 | |
292 | <pre>svn diff . >~/mypatchfile.patch</pre> |
293 | |
294 | <p>For example, for getting the diffs of a single file:</p> |
295 | |
296 | <pre>svn diff lib/Parse/ParseDeclCXX.cpp >~/ParseDeclCXX.patch</pre> |
297 | |
298 | <p>Note that the paths embedded in the patch depend on where you run it, |
299 | so changing directory to the llvm/tools/clang directory is recommended.</p> |
300 | |
301 | <p>It is also possible to <a href="https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html#sending-patches-with-git">use git to contribute</a> to Clang.</p> |
302 | |
303 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
304 | <h2 id="irgen">LLVM IR Generation</h2> |
305 | <!--=====================================================================--> |
306 | |
307 | <p>The LLVM IR generation part of clang handles conversion of the |
308 | AST nodes output by the Sema module to the LLVM Intermediate |
309 | Representation (IR). Historically, this was referred to as |
310 | "codegen", and the Clang code for this lives |
311 | in <tt>lib/CodeGen</tt>.</p> |
312 | |
313 | <p>The output is most easily inspected using the <tt>-emit-llvm</tt> |
314 | option to clang (possibly in conjunction with <tt>-o -</tt>). You |
315 | can also use <tt>-emit-llvm-bc</tt> to write an LLVM bitcode file |
316 | which can be processed by the suite of LLVM tools |
317 | like <tt>llvm-dis</tt>, <tt>llvm-nm</tt>, etc. See the LLVM |
318 | <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/">Command Guide</a> |
319 | for more information.</p> |
320 | |
321 | </div> |
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